Which of the following is included in the definition of psychological factors in education?

The inclusion of adaptive behavior deficits in the definition of psychological factors in education highlights the importance of how students interact with their environment and manage everyday tasks. Adaptive behavior refers to the skills necessary for daily living, such as communication, self-care, social skills, and the ability to make independent decisions. When these behaviors are not developed typically, they can significantly impact a student's ability to succeed in an educational setting.

Understanding adaptive behavior is crucial in special education because it encompasses the emotional, social, and practical skills needed for functioning effectively in school and community settings. Students with deficits in these areas might struggle with peer relationships, classroom behavior, and the overall learning process, thus necessitating tailored educational strategies and interventions to support their development.

The other options do not pertain specifically to psychological factors. Visual impairments are primarily considered a sensory disability, physical development relates to the physical growth and health of students, and academic skills involve the specific competencies required for academic success, such as reading, writing, and mathematics. While all of these aspects are important in comprehensively addressing a student's educational needs, they do not fall under the category of psychological factors in the same way that adaptive behavior deficits do.